As the automotive industry transitions towards a greener future, the debate between hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) intensifies. Despite their shared goal of reducing carbon emissions, these technologies present distinct pathways for sustainability. In this discussion, we'll explore the merits of EVs with an objective comparison to hydrogen, ultimately underscoring the reasons behind EVs' current market lead. Let's take a look at EV versus hydrogen fuel cell comparisons:
Infrastructure & Adoption
Infrastructure plays a crucial role in the adoption of alternative fuel vehicles. As of now, the United States boasts over 40,000 public EV charging stations compared to fewer than 57 publicly accessible hydrogen refueling stations, predominantly located in California. This stark contrast highlights a significant barrier to hydrogen's widespread adoption—convenience. EV charging infrastructure, on the other hand, is increasingly woven into the fabric of our daily lives, appearing in residential, commercial, and public spaces, suggesting a tipping point towards electric charging as the more practical choice for consumers and fleets alike.
Sales figures provide a clear indicator of market preference. In 2022, the number of EVs sold (800,000) vastly outnumbered that of hydrogen FCVs. This trend is supported by a robust lineup of EVs across various price points, whereas hydrogen options remain limited and largely confined to specific regions. The growth in the EV market is propelled by more than just variety; the economics of driving EVs is becoming increasingly attractive. On average, the cost to drive an EV 100 miles is significantly lower than that of a hydrogen FCV, a disparity that persists over longer distances like 300 miles.
The expenses associated with fueling hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) tend to fluctuate but are commonly found between $13 and $16 for each kilogram of hydrogen. To equate this to a 100-mile journey, one would need to consider the vehicle's efficiency in miles per kilogram. For a vehicle that achieves 60 miles per kilogram, traversing 100 miles would necessitate around 1.67 kilograms. At an average rate of $15 per kilogram, the cost to cover that distance would be near $25.05. On the other side of the spectrum, electric vehicles (EVs) present a more economical option for the same distance. Based on an average electric cost of 12.3 cents per kilowatt-hour, the price to charge an EV enough to travel 100 miles would be close to $2.46. This comparison showcases the considerable economic benefit of EVs compared to hydrogen FCVs when it comes to fueling costs. This cost efficiency extends beyond fuel, considering the overall ownership lifecycle, where EVs continue to benefit from economies of scale, improving battery technologies, and supportive policies.
Safety & Cost Profiles
Safety considerations further tilt the scales in favor of EVs. While hydrogen technology is advancing in safety measures, the maturity and extensive real-world testing of EV batteries instill greater confidence among consumers. The high flammability of hydrogen gas and the challenges of ensuring safety in high-pressure storage and transportation remain concerns that have yet to be fully addressed at scale. Of course, we can't forget to include some of the challenges with lithium batteries once ignited. Firefighters have taken to new methods of fighting fires related to EVs such as new blanket technologies using graphite. It is important to note with new technology there will always be learnings and adjustments.
The MIT Energy Initiative sheds light on the factors influencing the current trajectory favoring EVs over hydrogen. Cost remains a decisive factor; the price of lithium-ion batteries has seen a significant decline, making EVs increasingly accessible. Hydrogen FCVs, while potentially offering longer ranges and quicker refueling times, are hindered by the high costs of hydrogen production and fuel cell technology. This cost dynamic is underpinned by the existing electrical grid, which requires less infrastructural overhaul compared to establishing a hydrogen supply chain, making the path to electrification more straightforward and less costly.
The Marketing Effect
Cultural trends also play a role. The rise of Tesla has not only popularized EVs but has also set benchmarks for performance and innovation that have resonated with consumers globally. This cultural shift towards electric mobility is reinforced by the perception of EVs as a more immediate and practical solution to reducing emissions within the existing energy framework. Don't believe us? Look how poorly Toyota has marketed the Mirai technology to the masses versus how Elon Musk has dominated the global media with EV and solar agendas. This not only has shaped consumer demand but also policy in the U.S. market.
The Road Ahead
The journey towards electrification is not without its challenges. A truly sustainable EV ecosystem relies on a "decarbonized" electric grid to minimize the lifecycle emissions of EVs, including those associated with battery production and the supply chain of minerals needed for battery manufacturing. Nevertheless, even with these considerations, EVs maintain a lower overall environmental impact compared to conventional vehicles and currently available hydrogen FCVs.
Hydrogen may still have a role to play, particularly in niche markets where its energy density and rapid refueling could be advantageous, such as in long-haul trucking. Yet, for the majority of passenger vehicles and light-duty applications, EVs present a more immediately viable and cost-effective solution.
As we move forward, it is evident that the electric revolution is well underway. While hydrogen technology may evolve and find its place within the broader spectrum of sustainable transportation, and help us power heavier applications like class 2b-7 trucks, EVs are here and now, driving us towards a cleaner, more efficient automotive future in the majority of the population. Want to discuss more about your EV charging needs? Reach out to Noch Power and we'll gladly help you navigate this landscape. Source References:
The number of public EV charging stations versus hydrogen stations: U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center. (https://afdc.energy.gov/)
Sales of EVs versus hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in 2022: InsideEVs and Hydrogen Council reports. (https://insideevs.com/, https://hydrogencouncil.com/en/)
Cost to drive 100 and 300 miles for EVs and hydrogen FCVs: U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Fuel Economy Comparison. (https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/fuel-comparison-chart.pdf)
Insights on the adoption of EVs over hydrogen FCVs: MIT Energy Initiative Research, "Why have electric vehicles won out over hydrogen cars (so far)?" (http://energy.mit.edu/)
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